![]() If the magnitude of this pollution or traffic is too high, decision-makers (DMs) may ignore improving the efficiency of that BL. However, it may indirectly increase the use of personal vehicles, resulting in more pollution and traffic. ![]() For example, reducing the number of buses on an inefficient line can increase its efficiency. ![]() Although these variables are not directly related to measuring BLs’ efficiency, they may affect the implementation of DEA solutions. Moreover, DEA solutions may negatively affect exogenous variables, in particular social and environmental variables. However, DEA can consider only a few attributes when evaluating BLs, while this evaluation requires big data to be considered. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming model that can measure the performance of BLs and provide solutions to improve the performance of inefficient BLs. ![]() Therefore, solutions are needed to make it efficient. A bus line (BL) may be inefficient compared to the other BLs. The bus network, including several bus lines (BLs), is the most important public transportation system in many cities.
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